French Imperialism in Vietnam

The average person in France was unaware of conditions in their African colonies. And the same can be said concerning French rule in Vietnam, where the French were equally oppressive. In the late nineteenth century, the French overthrew a feudal monarchy and fought long, extended military campaigns against resistance to their rule. Many of Vietnam's educated elite opposed French rule and would not work for the French, but the French found a few opportunistic Vietnamese who would. In Vietnam, and elsewhere in Indochina, Frenchmen grabbed lands, and they built plantations that produced rubber and other forest products.In the first decade of the twentieth century, France's colonial administration in Vietnam encouraged French commercial enterprises. They built railways, roads and hydraulic works to serve these enterprises. Vietnam was a thickly populated, predominately peasant society, but projects that would have served Vietnamese farmers were ignored. Vietnam's farmers continued to suf fer from the usual droughts and floods. Per capita rice consumption declined. And what had been Vietnam's handicraft industry was destroyed.A new class of Vietnamese had come into being: people who labored for the French as servants, or who labored in French-owned mines, on French-owned plantations, at French construction sites or in French-owned factories. The French paid them as little as they could — hardly enough for survival, and sometimes not enough. As in Africa, the French were taxing the Vietnamese and drafting them to labor on public works. On one such project — the Hanoi-Yunnan Phu railway — 25,000 Vietnamese died. Conditions in Vietnam in general were creating a decline in Vietnam's population.The French in Vietnam established a monopoly in the production of salt, alcoholic beverages and opium. They taxed consumption of these. They encouraged Vietnamese to buy their opium, and money gained from their opium trade was an important part of the colonial administration's income. A French company, Fontaine, held a monopoly in making and selling alcoholic beverages in Vietnam, and all other distilling was banned and severely punished with imprisonment and confiscation of property. And in 1902 the colonial administration made buying alcoholic beverages compulsory, eachVietnamese village having to consume a definite quantity in proportion to its population — more of the behavior that French commerce and government dare not perpetrate on people in France. In 1908, Vietnamese farmers responded to a rise in taxes by marching to the French administration headquarters. For weeks, thousands of peasants picketed the governor's office in Hue and made passionate speeches, not only against taxes but forced labor. The protest spread, and the French countered with ferocity. Demonstrators were gunned down.Whole villages were razed to the ground. Thousands were arrested, and two Vietnamese scholars who had spoken against French policies were e xecuted. But in Vietnam and Africa, while French commercial operations were benefiting privately owned French companies, revenues from France's colonies were not paying the cost of maintenance and administration. Average French taxpayers — like British taxpayers — were subsidizing their nation's colonies. -________________________________________________________________________________________________

Organisational structure of big bazaar Essay

The retail sector in India can broadly be classified as organized and unorganized where the share of unorganized sector is more than 93% of the total and includes the kirana stores, mom and pop stores and the ilk. The organized or modern retail sector on the other hand captures a mere 7% of the total market share. Modern retail is defined as a form of retailing whereby consumers can buy goods from a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location and operates under three levels: Specialist stores catering to some particular category of product such as footwear, pharma & beauty, food and grocery etc. – classified under level I. Departmental stores that cater to a few categories of retail put under level II, and malls where we find an agglomeration of many departmental stores, hypermarkets etc – classified under level III retail. ABSTRACT The growing number of modern retail outlets in India on the one hand and frequent sale seasons and talks of underperformance on the other point to a mixed bag and make us wonder whether the sector is on the right growth trajectory. In this report, rather than providing with just the facts, we have tried to understand the modern retail sector from an economist’s point of view and visualize its future-whether it is in its expansion or contraction phase. Motivated by the rising per-capita incomes and increased  spending on consumer goods, modern retail stores are coming up with new strategies and plans to unlock the Pandora box of the untapped and unorganized retail sector. In the course of the report, we try to find out – how the retail sector works, major regulations that affect its functioning and the challenges that await the sector and summarize with our analysis and recommendations. Note: We have used where we’ve analyzed the situation from a micro-economic point of view. INTRODUCTION The retail sector in India can broadly be classified as organized and unorganized where the share of unorganized sector is more than 93% of the total and includes the kirana stores, mom and pop stores and the ilk. The organized or modern retail sector on the other hand captures a mere 7% of the total market share. Modern retail is defined as a form of retailing whereby consumers can buy goods from a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location and operates under three levels: Specialist stores catering to some particular category of product such as footwear, pharma & beauty, food and grocery etc. – classified under level I. Departmental stores that cater to a few categories of retail put under level II, and malls where we find an agglomeration of many departmental stores, hypermarkets etc – classified under level III retail.

Prosecution of the Early Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Prosecution of the Early Church - Essay Example Prosecution only strengthened ideas and dogmas promulgated by the early church leaders and became a driven force of church expansion and developments. The period of the Early Church covers the periods when the books of the New Testament had been written. (100-4010 AD). The main record of the Church's earliest expansion depends on two divergent, but necessarily complementary literary sources; the Christian apologists and the pagan authors. The outline of the picture presented by both is remarkably consistent, though here and there details may be hazy and liable to more than one interpretation, very rarely however in matters of substance. A further feature of Christian history is its continuity from the first century down to our own day; indeed it may be said of the Church that no other institution of comparable antiquity is so completely documented. The amount of original manuscript that survives is naturally infinitesimal in quantity compared with the volume of works preserved for us by generations of copyists; yet where it does exist, it rarely contradicts, and nearly always confirms the literary and historical tradition. Inscrip tions form an important body of original material, but in an era of insecurity, and sometimes of actual persecution, purely Christian sentiments were more often not openly expressed. Historians suppose that persecution of the Early Church has a great impact on its expansion and proliferation of its ideas to other territories and countries. The Early Days of the Church In the earliest years, the Romans saw Christianity as a sect of Judaism. Suetonius, in his life of Claudius, records the expulsion of the Jews from Rome, who 'continually created disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus'. Suetonius apparently did not even realize that Chrestus, or Christ, was not a living Jewish leader of that time2. The Jews themselves reacted strongly enough against the new religion which they regarded as striking at the very foundations of their law, and their opposition would have been far more formidable than in fact it was, had they not been temporarily annihilated politically after the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus in 70. There is only a thin line dividing religious from political persecution, since the former is so often a pretext for the latter; thus, Pelikan is chiefly concerned with the relations of Christians with the civil power, and first and foremost with the civil power of Rome3. It would be wrong to lay any but the ultimate responsibil ity for the martyrdom of St Polycarp and a few others at the door of Antoninus. In general he followed in the relatively humane policies of his predecessors Hadrian and Trajan, whereby Christians were not to be hunted down nor, if charged, condemned, unless they could be proved to have broken the laws--an escape clause which included refusal to sacrifice to the Emperor as a god. A long period of comparative peace for the Church was abruptly ended by the accession of Antoninus' adopted son, Marcus Aurelius (161-180)4. The Period of Marcus Aurelius A

An analysis of an ad (SAMSUNG Galaxy S4) Assignment

An analysis of an ad (SAMSUNG Galaxy S4) - Assignment Example Being in agreement that the advertisement was successful, this paper will analyze ways in which the advertisement for the Samsung Galaxy S4 smart phone is memorable and how it has managed to achieve outstanding impacts. It will describe the buying process as the main theme and determine who the target market is as well as highlight the advertisement’s strong and weak points. Further, it will give recommendations on how the advertisement could have been improved to achieve even better results. To drive the buying process, advertisers need to look at factors that affect consumer behavior or, in other words, answer the question why consumers buy the things they buy. In that sense, the buying process suggests that consumers pass through distinctive phases before finally buying a product. First, they realize that they want or need the product, then seek information and evaluate other products within the similar range. After satisfactorily being convinced about the best available fr om the options, they may then make a purchase. Traditionally, advertisements for high technology smart phones have not always clearly communicated their benefits in a manner easily comprehensible by non-technical users. They are characterized by an assumption regarding the instinctive aspects and often overestimating the understanding levels of the market (Kotler & Kevin 2006, 69). However, the Samsung Galaxy S4 advertisement has managed to tie it to the original positioning of the company which has always been for humans. In the advertisement that runs for one minute, the marketers have managed to communicate how an ordinary user can take full advantage of the simple yet innovative technology. Their choice of a background song that is popularly known, from the four seasons, attracts and holds the attention of the audience as the key features of the gadget are screened in the form of short sentences. As has been shown by research, consumers purchase brands that they can easily devel op an emotional attachment to (Tirmizi, Rehman & Saif 2009, 529). Music is one of the best known ways to create emotion, and a key effect of the chosen song is that it promotes the ability of the advertisement to remain memorable. Even without human voice-over, this strategy communicates the phone’s basics that users need to know about the new phone. The advertisement is set in a background that can attract both emotional and environmental responses that shape buying behavior. Target Market From its attributes, the audience can quickly establish that the phone targets a wide range of market but emphasis can be placed on tech-savvy youth. The opening pop-up says the phone is slimmer but stronger, which immediately gives it both feminine and masculine characteristics. It is not discriminative in terms of gender. It claims to have unimaginable clarity, which when coupled with its extended memory of 64 gigabytes makes it appealing to a young generation that loves downloading and storing movies. Looking at the aspect of targeting a large range of a market, this aspect also sits well with regular travelers because they can also carry along their own entertainment regardless of age. This gives the advertisement its first strong point because it is apparent that the marketers did sufficient research and anticipated the needs of potential customers. They manage to create honest marketing

Strategic Evaluation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Evaluation Paper - Essay Example It has stood out ahead of its competitors by designing outstanding products that has left its competitors outsmarted. Having being pioneered by their leader late Steve Jobs Apple has stamped its authority in the technology world. Having all this it is important to understand that Apple has to formulate other different strategies for it to survive and outshine the rest of its competitors and also to try and embrace change as this time very few companies are surviving these days. Apple needs to focus more on innovation. For example during the latest launch Apple focused on Apple pay a new way that its customer can pay for services. Value addition may be very important for its customers as this promises its customers a different variety of service. With the world becoming integrated Apple pay will help the company in cementing its position. It is therefore important that innovations stand out (Jorgeson, 2012). Apple also needs to focus on cost effectiveness of its products. It has been associated with high prices of its product and for the multinational having to understand even though countries are recover from recession spending more money is not a friendly decision to take so it is thus important that Apple tries to find way in which it can minimize the cost without affecting the quality of the product. The fact that its products are unique, and multinational it is important to note, that in as much as Apple wants to be the market leader very few people from Asia and Africa can afford its products. Also the foreign currency fluctuations can be a great threat for its product and it is important to factor and use a stable currency so as to protect its financial implications (Kevin, 2011). Apple also a face a challenge in protecting is brand with many competitors trying to copy so as cash in on sales. Having long battle with other leaders such as Samsung will be a key factor how to go

Wage Earnings in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wage Earnings in Canada - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the paper will discuss issues related to wages earnings in Canada. There was legislation as a form of government intervention in the labor market, whereby in Canada the minimum wage laws focused on women, who were in certain types of employment. The scope of the legislation was later spread to cater for the workers and men. In fact, by 1960, numerous workers had been covered with the laws of minimum wages (Fisher & Hostland, 2002). During that time, women and children were the prime focus of the legislation since they were subjects of exploitation by employers due to their vulnerability. In addition, the legislation was focused on imposing the minimum standards conditions of employment in order to introduce a health-working environment or the workers. The minimum wage legislation had a key objective that concerning guaranteeing the workers a decent and fair wage in all sectors, and this legislation has other intended and unintended impact on the labor market. There were unfavorable effects on employment due to principles of minimum wage legislation; hence, it was justified only on the grounds of offering incentives for leaving income maintenance programs in the form of welfare. Moreover, in the case where monetary returns to work are high, there are incentives of engagement in the labor market were opposed through an income maintenance programs. Moreover, this is considered to be saving to taxpayers, and it was preferred by transfer receipts, since workers prefer to work if the wages are sufficient. There has been a lower real life time earnings in the resent worker compared to the previous workers, whereby the tenure are not higher compared to those of preceding cohorts. Therefore, the patterns are related to effect of approximately 35percent of the Canadian workforce has workers are experiencing stagnation or reduction of wages (Baker & Stanger, 2008). Consequently, there has been a decline of society tolerance, due to the problems experienced b y low skilled workers, and this is transmitted through political economy effects. Canadian workers, despite the job tenure has median real hourly earnings with an overall decline in the real median wage that was 12percent and for the new entrants, the median real hourly wage plummeted in the recession experienced during 1980s. There was a recovery through an economic boom during the late 1980s, though this was succeeded by another recession in early 1990s. Median hourly earnings were less than 26percent in 1997 compared with 1981, due to the increase of the wages entrants. Hourly wage did not change much though it increased by 2007, whereby there was a 15percent below the value in 1981. There has been a similar pattern of wages for a worker in a period of five years, due to the entrants and a decline with a smaller magnitude. Median income of fulltime worker in Canada, during 2008 experienced an increase of $53, from $41,348 in 1980 and $41,401 in 2005, while entire economy labor yi eld during the same period was 37.4 percent (Larson, 2012). There were issue that were identified in the same year, which include; inequality in earnings, reducing terms of trade of labor measurement issues and a reduction in the labor share. Currently, the minimum wage earners various Canadian provinces has been rising over five percent and Labor Relations and Workplace Safety Minister Don Morgan made has recently made an announcement of a rise in

See blow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

See blow - Essay Example Managing diversity is indeed an art in the time and age of today, and more so with the changing global dynamics. The employees should always be on their own as far as adherence to polices and structural changes are concerned. The long term, strategic changes are governed in a proper manner if it takes into consideration the strengths that diversity brings to the proverbial organizational table. It is thus a very important requirement that the top management understands its due role and solves the anomalies related with managing diversity within the workplace aegis (Cross 2000). What this will do is to look after the negativities attached with diversity and its very foundation basis. This paper explains the management art of diversity within a workplace scenario and has touched upon significant factors which play a huge role in the performance of diversity functions on a day to day basis. Managing diversity has been deemed as important because it takes into perspective the pertinent roles of equality and balancing work ethos amongst the employees. Managing diversity is also important because it gives a fair chance to people who hail from different cultures and regions of the world to manifest their real selves. Their strengths work in their own favor and hence they work towards producing value for the organizations that they work for. This is an important consideration within the global dynamics of doing business because diversity has helped the people from different quarters to come to a single platform – a level where they can get in touch with one another to solve the commonalities which exist amongst them (Lambert 2007). Diversity will reign in serious results if it is a given a proper and fair run by the people who matter the most, i.e. the top management realms in an organization. In the world of present times, it is a reality that diversity is