Apitherapy :: Health Medicine Medical Healthy Essays

Apitherapy Medication, similar to every other field, is liable to patterns. Lately, patterns towards elective mending have risen on top. They surface all over: gingko biloba tablets show up at the accommodation store counter, and significant drink organizations have presented home grown frosted teas with various enhancements that are supposed to help including memory to stretch. There are wellbeing food stores wherever giving every single common elective for everything from caffeine to fruitfulness drugs. Maybe the purpose behind this pattern is that medication has neglected to give fixes to such huge numbers of burdens without having insufferable symptoms, or maybe the explanation is that medication has progressed so much that endeavors to make drugs that are less hurtful than orchestrated meds have brought about this normal pattern. Whatever the explanation, the reality remains that stores are being shelled with nutrient enhancements, home grown nourishments, and common drugs professing to do what current medication has discovered hard to achieve. One sort of elective recuperating is called Apitherapy, and is the thing that I will examine in this paper. Apitherapy is characterized as the mending utilization of the results of the bumble bee hive (1). A lot of apitherapy depends on the properties of honey bee venom, however there are different side-effects which have professed to be benificial. The significant explanation this treatment has become visible is on the grounds that honey bee venom is made out of 30 unique parts, a significant number of which are peptides that ought to give a calming influence, just as different operators which invigorate the body's invulnerable framework. Unadulterated honey bee venom (Apitox) has been tried and seen as sheltered in people and creatures by the International Pain Institute (2). Likewise with numerous elective treatments, apitherapy has not been widely tried experimentally. There have been a few. The American Apitherapy Society (AAS) has tried it comparable to rewarding osteoarthritis. There are numerous supporters of bumble bee results as a treatment, however generally speaking most clinical testing has neglected to demonstrate that there is a lot of restorative incentive in apitherapy. The main demonstrated treatment has been for desensitization for those with perilous honey bee sting sensitivities (3). The help for apitherapy is a component of two things: likely clinical adequacy and individual experience stories. The side-effects of bumble bees appear to have a ton of potential for successful treatment of numerous ailments.

Early Childhood School Essay

‘Education To Be More’ was distributed last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government’s Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report contended for improved value of access and better subsidizing for childcare and youth instruction organizations. Undeniably, that’s a genuine need; however since guardians don’t ordinarily send kids to pre-schools until the age of three, would we say we are passing up the most significant long periods of all? B A 13-year investigation of youth advancement at Harvard University has indicated that, by the age of three, most kids can possibly comprehend around 1000 words †the greater part of the language they will use in normal discussion for the remainder of their lives. Besides, investigate has indicated that while each kid is brought into the world with a characteristic interest, it tends to be smothered drastically during the second and third long stretches of life. Analysts guarantee that the human character is framed during the initial two years of life, and during the initial three years kids get familiar with the essential aptitudes they will use in the entirety of their later learning both at home and at school. Once beyond three years old, youngsters keep on developing existing information on the world. C It is commonly recognized that youngsters from more unfortunate financial foundations will in general do less well in our instruction framework. That’s watched in New Zealand, yet in addition in Australia, Britain and America. While trying to defeat that instructive under-accomplishment, an across the country program called ‘Headstart’ was propelled in the United States in 1965. A great deal of cash was filled it. It brought kids into pre-school foundations at three years old and should help the offspring of less fortunate families prevail in school. In spite of generous subsidizing, results have been disillusioning. It is imagined that there are two clarifications for this. To start with, the program started past the point of no return. Numerous youngsters who entered it at three years old were at that point behind their friends in language and quantifiable knowledge. Second, the guardians were not included. Toward the finish of every day, ‘Headstart’ kids came back to the equivalent burdened home condition. D because of the developing examination proof of the significance of the initial three years of a child’s life and the disillusioning outcomes from ‘Headstart’, an experimental run program was propelled in Missouri in the US that concentrated on guardians as the child’s first educators. The ‘Missouri’ program was predicated on explore indicating that working with the family, as opposed to bypassing the guardians, is the best method of helping youngsters get off to the most ideal beginning throughout everyday life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were going to have their first youngster and who spoke to a cross-area of financial status, age and family designs. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which the two guardians worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. The program included prepared parentâ ¬educators visiting the parents’ home and working with the parent, or guardians, and the youngster. Data on kid improvement, and direction on things to search for and expect as the kid develops were given, in addition to direction in cultivating the child’s scholarly, language, social and engine aptitude advancement. Intermittent registration of the child’s instructive and tactile turn of events (hearing and vision) were made to recognize potential impairs that meddle with development and improvement. Clinical issues were alluded to experts. Parent-instructors made individual visits to homes and month to month bunch gatherings were held with other unexperienced parents to share understanding and examine subjects of intrigue. Parent asset focuses, Located in school structures, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for kid care. E At the age of three, the kids who had been engaged with the ‘Missouri’ program were assessed close by a cross-segment of kids chose from a similar scope of financial foundations and Family circumstances, and furthermore an irregular example of youngsters that age. The outcomes were extraordinary. By the age of three, the kids in the program were altogether further developed in language improvement than their friends, had made more prominent walks in critical thinking and other scholarly aptitudes, and were Further along inâ social advancement. Truth be told, the normal youngster on the program was performing at the degree of the best 15 to 20 percent of their companions in such things as sound-related appreciation, verbal capacity and language capacity. Generally significant of all, the conventional proportions of ‘risk’, for example, parents’ age and training, or whether they were a solitary parent, bore almost no relationship to the proportions of accomplishment and language improvement. Kids in the program performed similarly well paying little mind to scio-financial impediments. Youngster misuse was for all intents and purposes wiped out. The one factor that was found to influence the child’s advancement was family pressure prompting a low quality of parent-youngster association. That communication was not really terrible in more unfortunate families. F These examination discoveries are energizing. There is developing proof in New Zealand that kids from less fortunate financial foundations are showing up at school less all around created and that our educational system will in general propagate that hindrance. The activity plot above could break that pattern of impediment. The idea of working with guardians in their homes, or at their work environment, stands out uniquely from the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their emphasis is on getting youngsters and moms access to childcare and standardized youth training. Instruction from the age of three to five is without a doubt essential, however without a comparable Focus on parent training and on the crucial significance of the initial three years, some proof demonstrates that it won't be sufficient to beat instructive disparity.

Congratulations! You got the job.

Congratulations! You got the job. *Sigh* So I went and wrote this whole entry about women in engineering that was based off of my initial comment that Ive never experienced anyone directly saying that women were inferior to men and immediately got a comment stating just that. Are you guys just out to get me or what? =P So Momchil, here are my thoughts, short sweet, and to the point: Everything you just said is wrong. People are just people. The end. And now Im done with all of this deep discussion about admissions and learning from rejection and sexism. I am just plain moving on people. Here we go. This week has been simultaneously awesome and horrendous. You know what I mean, right? I dont think Im going crazy. On Monday I had my first shift on the MIT Ambulance. EMTs must protect patient privacy, so were never allowed to discuss calls weve been on. That wont be hard- there werent any. I guess that means that MIT studnts are healthy, right? Anyway, I still learned a lot. Every crew is responsible for doing a checklist and making sure the ambulance is fully stocked, so I did the super long one to learn where everything was. The crew chief and second were really cool- they knew it was my first shift, and they were really patient and took a lot of time to show me things. (Each crew must have at least 2 people- a crew chief who has a lot of experience and runs the calls, and a second rider who must be an EMT but can have almost any level of experience. Optionally, there can be a third rider who only needs CPR certification. Third riders are there to learn and observe and basically be bossed around by the other crew members. =) Newly certified EMTs remain thirds until they get enough experience to work as second riders.) After a lot of exploring the ambulance, they let me play with the stretcher. (Mostly I just think Mike, the second, wanted to sit in it and be wheeled around and pulled in and out of the ambulance.) After that, we got to sit around in the (really awesome) bunk room for about 5 hours. I got a lot of HASS reading done. =) Then, I found out that I got a new job! Ready for it? You sure? Its nerdy. Im the newest member of the IST (Information Services and Technology) Computing Help Desk. This basically means that I will be the person on the other end of the line when you call tech support in 6 months. After I got the job, we realized that the field hockey season would interfere with mandatory training meetings. We were basically worried that the summer break followed by my abscence from training meetings would let me forget everything I learned this spring. The timing was just no good. So the new plan is this: Im going to go in and observe students working there. Then next semester, if I think that Im still interested in the job, I might just get thrown in with the next cycle of hires who will start working in October. A little weird, but in the end a pretty cool solution to the problem. So I have a job. Stay tuned, in 6 months I might tell you about my first day. =) The middle of the week you know what? Im just not even going to go there. I dont even want to think about it. I, like everyone, was really, really anxious for spring break to arrive. And now its here. How wonderful. Then today, I passed my written exam, which means Im now a real-life certified EMT. That was pretty cool. I spent my lunch break working on top-secret stuff with the other bloggers. *grin* I announced to the room that Id be attending the Princeton admitted students meeting, and they all gave me the weirdest stares! I was so confused until I finally realized that to me, Princeton is a city, but to the rest of the world, Princeton is a college. So they all thought I was going to a meeting for students who were admitted to Princeton, when what I really meant was that I was going to hang out with the students admitted to MIT who happen to be meeting in Princeton. Sheesh. *eye roll* Admitted student meetings are fun. You should go. Tomorrow Im going to the Boston FIRST Regional. Then Ill finally post the pictures from Manchester in one big FIRST-happy entry. Yay. Read on for responses to comments! Responses to comments: Anonymous said: MIT stinks Laura.It does sucks. Hee. Thats creative. Melodie said: Question: How much do you suggest we go to CPW? Im playing at Carnegie Hall the weekend before, and Im missing 3 days of school because of that, so if I miss 5 straight days, my teachers are liable to send me a low-scholarship =/ I was at one of the summer programs, but my RA said that MIT in the summer is very different from MIT during the school year. CPW rocks. A lot. You should definitely try to come if you can. Ive never been here in the summer so I dont actually know, but I cant imagine that its the same. If you have a lot of questions about MIT and youre still struggling to make a decision, CPW is a great chance to learn a lot about MIT. Of course, the school youre actually in now is pretty important too. =) Just keep in mind that you can come to as much or as little of CPW as you want. Feel free to show up only for the actual weekend days. Im not sure how feasible that is for you (I guess it depends on how far away you live and the travel time involved), but its definitely an option. Mike W said: Hmmmgetting rejected at MIT is tough, especially when things have also taken an incomprehensible turn for the worse in several other activities Ive been dedicated to longer than Ive been dedicated to getting in to MIT. I feel your pain. My senior year involved a lot of things I was really dedicated to falling apart. It was pretty painful. Hang in there, and make the best of it. And good luck with calc! aRdho said: are u real MIT students? :D thats cool.. Haha. Yup, real life MIT students. Hamster said: Over time Ive read several people talking about their HASS classes like they are more enjoyable than their engineering/science courses, which always surprises me because it conflicts with the supergeek MIT stereotype. Is it that you like them because they are easier? If you truly just enjoyed the material more, why wouldnt you major in a humanities subject? Wow, thats a great question. I think there are several answers. For one, its just an MIT students nature to complain. No matter how much he/she loves math and science and engineering, chances are that the average MIT student loves to rattle off a huge list of psets and tests and labs and projects that they have to do. Plus, bonding with each other as MIT technical classes kick your you-know-what is a time-honored tradition. So even if you love physics, after being up to all hours of the night working on a terrifically difficult pset and then getting beaten up by a really hard math examyou just think, Ahh. Simple, enjoyable reading. With conceptual questions. No calculator necessary. *contented sigh* Plus, speaking as a freshman, humanities classes are my only chance to choose my classes. So far this year, Ive taken bio, chem, physics, calc, multivariable calc, and differential equations. I personally love physics but its still just a requirement. On the other hand, I got to pick what ever I wanted from a huge list of humanities classes. But mostly I just think its nice to have a change of scenery. Edmund said: Growing up in NJ was pretty cool def. miss NY style pizza in Maine and good bagels :)) Oh. Oh I know. Pizza and bagels are the two things I miss most about NJ. Uhhyou know, after my family and stuff. Im going home Sunday morning for break and I cant wait to go out to get real pizza. Yum.

Congratulations! You got the job.

Congratulations! You got the job. *Sigh* So I went and wrote this whole entry about women in engineering that was based off of my initial comment that Ive never experienced anyone directly saying that women were inferior to men and immediately got a comment stating just that. Are you guys just out to get me or what? =P So Momchil, here are my thoughts, short sweet, and to the point: Everything you just said is wrong. People are just people. The end. And now Im done with all of this deep discussion about admissions and learning from rejection and sexism. I am just plain moving on people. Here we go. This week has been simultaneously awesome and horrendous. You know what I mean, right? I dont think Im going crazy. On Monday I had my first shift on the MIT Ambulance. EMTs must protect patient privacy, so were never allowed to discuss calls weve been on. That wont be hard- there werent any. I guess that means that MIT studnts are healthy, right? Anyway, I still learned a lot. Every crew is responsible for doing a checklist and making sure the ambulance is fully stocked, so I did the super long one to learn where everything was. The crew chief and second were really cool- they knew it was my first shift, and they were really patient and took a lot of time to show me things. (Each crew must have at least 2 people- a crew chief who has a lot of experience and runs the calls, and a second rider who must be an EMT but can have almost any level of experience. Optionally, there can be a third rider who only needs CPR certification. Third riders are there to learn and observe and basically be bossed around by the other crew members. =) Newly certified EMTs remain thirds until they get enough experience to work as second riders.) After a lot of exploring the ambulance, they let me play with the stretcher. (Mostly I just think Mike, the second, wanted to sit in it and be wheeled around and pulled in and out of the ambulance.) After that, we got to sit around in the (really awesome) bunk room for about 5 hours. I got a lot of HASS reading done. =) Then, I found out that I got a new job! Ready for it? You sure? Its nerdy. Im the newest member of the IST (Information Services and Technology) Computing Help Desk. This basically means that I will be the person on the other end of the line when you call tech support in 6 months. After I got the job, we realized that the field hockey season would interfere with mandatory training meetings. We were basically worried that the summer break followed by my abscence from training meetings would let me forget everything I learned this spring. The timing was just no good. So the new plan is this: Im going to go in and observe students working there. Then next semester, if I think that Im still interested in the job, I might just get thrown in with the next cycle of hires who will start working in October. A little weird, but in the end a pretty cool solution to the problem. So I have a job. Stay tuned, in 6 months I might tell you about my first day. =) The middle of the week you know what? Im just not even going to go there. I dont even want to think about it. I, like everyone, was really, really anxious for spring break to arrive. And now its here. How wonderful. Then today, I passed my written exam, which means Im now a real-life certified EMT. That was pretty cool. I spent my lunch break working on top-secret stuff with the other bloggers. *grin* I announced to the room that Id be attending the Princeton admitted students meeting, and they all gave me the weirdest stares! I was so confused until I finally realized that to me, Princeton is a city, but to the rest of the world, Princeton is a college. So they all thought I was going to a meeting for students who were admitted to Princeton, when what I really meant was that I was going to hang out with the students admitted to MIT who happen to be meeting in Princeton. Sheesh. *eye roll* Admitted student meetings are fun. You should go. Tomorrow Im going to the Boston FIRST Regional. Then Ill finally post the pictures from Manchester in one big FIRST-happy entry. Yay. Read on for responses to comments! Responses to comments: Anonymous said: MIT stinks Laura.It does sucks. Hee. Thats creative. Melodie said: Question: How much do you suggest we go to CPW? Im playing at Carnegie Hall the weekend before, and Im missing 3 days of school because of that, so if I miss 5 straight days, my teachers are liable to send me a low-scholarship =/ I was at one of the summer programs, but my RA said that MIT in the summer is very different from MIT during the school year. CPW rocks. A lot. You should definitely try to come if you can. Ive never been here in the summer so I dont actually know, but I cant imagine that its the same. If you have a lot of questions about MIT and youre still struggling to make a decision, CPW is a great chance to learn a lot about MIT. Of course, the school youre actually in now is pretty important too. =) Just keep in mind that you can come to as much or as little of CPW as you want. Feel free to show up only for the actual weekend days. Im not sure how feasible that is for you (I guess it depends on how far away you live and the travel time involved), but its definitely an option. Mike W said: Hmmmgetting rejected at MIT is tough, especially when things have also taken an incomprehensible turn for the worse in several other activities Ive been dedicated to longer than Ive been dedicated to getting in to MIT. I feel your pain. My senior year involved a lot of things I was really dedicated to falling apart. It was pretty painful. Hang in there, and make the best of it. And good luck with calc! aRdho said: are u real MIT students? :D thats cool.. Haha. Yup, real life MIT students. Hamster said: Over time Ive read several people talking about their HASS classes like they are more enjoyable than their engineering/science courses, which always surprises me because it conflicts with the supergeek MIT stereotype. Is it that you like them because they are easier? If you truly just enjoyed the material more, why wouldnt you major in a humanities subject? Wow, thats a great question. I think there are several answers. For one, its just an MIT students nature to complain. No matter how much he/she loves math and science and engineering, chances are that the average MIT student loves to rattle off a huge list of psets and tests and labs and projects that they have to do. Plus, bonding with each other as MIT technical classes kick your you-know-what is a time-honored tradition. So even if you love physics, after being up to all hours of the night working on a terrifically difficult pset and then getting beaten up by a really hard math examyou just think, Ahh. Simple, enjoyable reading. With conceptual questions. No calculator necessary. *contented sigh* Plus, speaking as a freshman, humanities classes are my only chance to choose my classes. So far this year, Ive taken bio, chem, physics, calc, multivariable calc, and differential equations. I personally love physics but its still just a requirement. On the other hand, I got to pick what ever I wanted from a huge list of humanities classes. But mostly I just think its nice to have a change of scenery. Edmund said: Growing up in NJ was pretty cool def. miss NY style pizza in Maine and good bagels :)) Oh. Oh I know. Pizza and bagels are the two things I miss most about NJ. Uhhyou know, after my family and stuff. Im going home Sunday morning for break and I cant wait to go out to get real pizza. Yum.

Essay about First Amendment - 1306 Words

First Amendment The modern American conception of freedom of speech comes from the principles of freedom of the press, and freedom of religion as they developed in England, starting in the seventeenth century. The arguments of people like John Milton on the importance of an unlicensed press, and of people like John Locke on religious toleration, were all the beginning for the idea of the â€Å"freedom of speech†. By the year of 1791, when the First Amendment was ratified, the idea of â€Å"freedom of speech† was so widely accepted that it became the primary, and a very important issue in the amendment. â€Å"Freedom of press† came with it to insure that the written and printed as well as oral communication was protected: â€Å"Congress shall make no†¦show more content†¦It does not even protect a man from an injunction against uttering words that may have all the effect of force.† The â€Å"clear and present danger† rule came out of this. He also wrote â€Å"Circumstances that would create a clear and present danger, Congress has a right to prevent†¦. When a nation is at war many things that mighty be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.† Charles T. Schenck was sentenced to a maximum of twenty years in a federal penitentiary. This case had a great impact on the country, because it gave rise to a â€Å"clear and present danger† rule. The trial of Abrams vs. United States took place on October 21 and 22 of the year 1919. They have violated the Espionage Act of Congress (section 3, title I, of Act June 15, 1917, c. 30, 40 Stat. 219, as amended by Act May 16, 1918, c. 75, 40 Stat. 553 [Comp. St. 1918, 10212c]). They were convicted on the basis of these four counts: (1) used bad language about the form of the government of the United States, (2) usage of the type of a language which could/intended to bring the form of government of the United States into contempt, (3) usage of the language intended to incite, provoke and encourage resistance to the United States in said war, (4)Show MoreRelatedThe First Amendment : The Second Amendment1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe First Amendment The first amendment is one of the most used amendments today. Everyone in the world uses it and sometimes takes advantage of it and most times uses it when needed to. The Bill Of Rights was created on December 15th of 1779 and was created to make some rules in the future because no one had the freedom to do anything. Most were punished if they spoke their opinion, they did not even have the right to choose their own religion. But that all changed when James Madison wrote the BillRead MoreThe First Amendment2227 Words   |  9 Pages101 May 10, 2016 PAPER 4 What I think that the first amendment is that The federal government will do nothing to prevent the expression of thoughts to the ones which are interested in listening to or studying approximately them, nor will it do anything to promote or stifle the exercise of any spiritual religion. Nor will it save you the residents from peacefully protesting or expressing dissent. Which can also suggest by way of the first amendment guarantees freedom of faith, however, there areRead MoreThe 1st Amendment : The Rights Of The First Amendment1572 Words   |  7 PagesConstitution, the First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Gold). Historically, as demonstrated in cases such as Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court, a s well as the government in general, has well-upheld this amendment, but startingRead MoreAnalysis of the First Amendment1687 Words   |  7 Pages1. In the First Amendment, the clause that states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion† is based on the Establishment Clauses that is incorporated in the amendment. This clauses prohibits the government to establish a state religion and then enforce it on its citizens to believe it. Without this clause, the government can force participation in this chosen religion, and then punish anyone who does not obey to the faith chosen. This clause was in issue in a court caseRead MoreImportance Of The First Amendment1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of the First Amendment When our Nation had regarded themselves as thirteen newly colonies and to separate themselves from Great Britain. Congress had imparted to the state legislature twelve amendments to the Constitution. These Amendments later became the Bill of Rights, the first basic rights that the country was founded to provide. The whole point that the Bill of Rights were made was so that new Federal Government were prevented from impairing human rights and freedom. HoweverRead More The First Amendment Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageswant within that of the law. America’s law has been designed to protect and preserve these freedoms. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. It assures citizens that the federal government shall not restrict freedom of worship. It specifically prohibits Congress from establishing an official, government supported church. Under The First Amendment, the federal government cannot require citizens to pay taxes to su pport a certain church, nor can peopleRead MoreThe Argument Of The First Amendment878 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of the First Amendment is to â€Å"ensure against government intrusions on personal freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press, free expression, freedom of association, and freedom of assembly (Michigan State University)†. So with the first amendment preventing against government intrusions on religion could a football coach at a public high school lead the players in prayer before a game? Well the answer is no, it is against the law for schools to sponsor or endorse speechRead MoreFirst Amendment Paper1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Amendment Freedom is being breached all over the U.S and most of it is being taken away from the press. Sure the Patriot Act is killing everyones privacy in secrecy all over the US, but journalists and reporters are being put in jail right and left. The government has infringed on their rights in a way that should not be with the first amendment. It seems like the more people let the government do, the more steps the government takes to take first amendment rights from people. ForRead MoreCyberbullying And The First Amendment849 Words   |  4 PagesExamination of Cyberbullying and the First Amendment This paper addresses a situation in which a student notified this author that she was being subjected to bullying through another classmate’s Facebook page. A discussion of steps required by Oregon’s statutes, the Lake Oswego School District s board policies and the student handbook, will provide a basis for examining any First Amendment arguments that the bullying has raised, with a discussion of the author s First Amendment responses consistent withRead MoreThe First Amendment Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagespetition the Government for a redress of grievances. The first and the most significant of the amendments to our Constitution is the First Amendment. The amendment that established our freedoms as citizens of our new confederation. The First Amendment insures freedom of speech and of the press. The First Amendment ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. This happened when the eleventh State, which is Virginia, approved this amendment. At that time there were fourteen States in the Union

Abraham Lincoln was the Greatest American to Ever Live

Throughout history, there have been many incredible Americans. So many phenomenal people have impacted this country. They have done incredible things to make their mark, and create a nation of freedom and liberty. However, there is one man that is the greatest American to ever live. He is a man who went through much suffering to make this country a better place. He faced much adversity, and overcame it to improve the lives of others. This man is Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky. His childhood was not an easy one, and he went through much loss, but he gained much character from it all. In 1816, the Lincoln family had to move because they were in debt. It is also believed that Lincoln’s father, Thomas Lincoln’s, strong beliefs against slavery had upset many, and had gotten him in some trouble. Lincoln’s fathers beliefs significantly affected him, and made him believe that African Americans shou ld be treated more fairly. When they were forced to move, they moved to Spencer County Indiana. Not many years after they had moved to Indiana, Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, died of milk sickness. When his mother died, Lincoln was only nine. About fourteen months after his mother’s death, his father married a woman named Sally Johnston. She ended up being an incredible mother to Lincoln. His new mother often encouraged him to read, and become smarter. He did just that, and he was extremely determined toShow MoreRelatedMore Than Just A Five Dollar Bill1429 Words   |  6 PagesJordan Ernst Mr. Wycislo American Government (1) Due December 19th, 2014 Government Term Paper More Than Just a Five Dollar Bill Compared to many other countries across the globe, The United States of America is defiantly one of the youngest nations. The nation is only 238 years old which is not a long time compared to other countries. Over the last 238 years a lot has happened in America. One thing that has not changed in the United States of America is the government. When people came overRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln : Greatest President Of American History1516 Words   |  7 Pages2014 President Abraham Lincoln: Greatest President in American History President Lincoln said the following about the South in his Inaugural Address, In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.(Freidel and Sidey 2006) President Abraham Lincoln is look upon asRead MoreLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was put into office March 4, 1861, and this would be the start of a significant change for America. Many people see Lincoln as one of the best presidents that was in office for America, but others have opposing views on how he was not the best president in office. In Lucas E. Morel’s, â€Å"Lincoln, Race, and the Spirit of ‘76†, he expresses, â€Å"Many people who consider Abraham Lincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizationsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand passionate concern of dedicated individuals†. Slavery was a struggle that America had to overcome in the 1800s in order for America to progress. At the time, slaves were also going through hard times by getting separated from their families and going through excessive hard work on the plantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put into the Presidential office and would have a majorRead More Abraham Lincoln - President During the Civil War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham Lincoln - President During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln was assuredly one of the greatest presidents in American history. This is demonstrated by his effective administration during the Civil War, the creation of policies that benefited everyone in the United States and the efforts that kept the United States from splintering during the Civil War and from its aftermath. Lincoln made excellent decisions in the Civil War. He guided his nation from being torn apartRead MoreA Brief Biography on Abraham Lincoln Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln â€Å"Abraham Lincoln caught the publics attention for a long time as he presented a great role model for all Americans. Even today, almost all political conversation mentions him as his achievements have spoken for him (Samuels,2012).† As an illustration, there are thousands of books, articles and web pages which talks about Lincoln and his own extra ordinary life achievements. â€Å"Lincoln was born in 1809 in small hut located on a farm called Skining Spring Farm in Hardin County, KentuckyRead MoreAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address1685 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address History remembers Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders. He has made many significant contributions to the history of the United States and is considered one of the greatest presidents. He sacrificed himself for what he believed in, even if it meant starting a war against his own country. He believed in equality for everyone and that all men were created equal. As president he is best remembered for leading the Union through the Civil WarRead MoreAbraham Lincoln s Greatest Presidents1671 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion of the authors takes on whether Abraham Lincoln was one of America’s greatest presidents was that Paludan stated Lincoln was a president who wanted to defend and uphold the constitution of the United States, especially since President Lincoln always stated that all men are created equal and that meant blacks to in his opinion. He was the type of person who talked to the people not at the people when he spoke. Paludan believes Lincoln was a president tha t was greater than any other President inRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : His Fight For Freedom And Equality Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln: His Fight for Freedom and Equality Throughout history, slavery has been a controversial topic in the United States. There have been many revolts and rebellions, such as Gabriel’s Rebellion or Nat Turner’s Rebellion, fought over the abolition of slavery or for African Americans to be able to receive the same rights as those of white people. Many people have fought for this cause and one of those people is Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which is oneRead MoreThe Abraham Lincoln s Childhood1317 Words   |  6 Pages Summary The book starts with talking about Abraham Lincoln’s childhood. Abraham was born in Nolan Creek, Kentucky in 1809, to his parents Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln. Abraham s father Thomas was described as â€Å"a tinker- a piddler- always doing but doing nothing great† (2). During his childhood, the family would move several times, first to Indiana and later to Illinois. Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks, died when he was still a boy. The following year his father, Thomas remarried to Sarah Bush Johnston

Womens Rights at the Turn of the Century Free Essays

Women’s Rights At The Turn Of The Century Elisha Enlow 11/24/2012 â€Å"I am woman, hear me roar,† (â€Å"Helen reddy -,† ) was definitely not a term known to the American way of life at the turn of the century. Women were nothing more than shadows of their husbands and the housekeeper of the home and children. Fitting for the term â€Å"barefoot and pregnant,† as that was the common role of most women. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Rights at the Turn of the Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now With many battles before them there were courageous women that would not settle, but laid the foundation that paved the way for women to experience a life beyond the shadow of the husband and the walls of the family home. A woman’s place would eventually begin to evolve, but this was a long tedious process that took years of stepping out and declaring their own freedom and rights separate of that of their husbands. During the turn of the century there were many things a woman could not legally do. They could not vote, hold public office in any state, have access to higher education and were even excluded in the professional workplace. The law had accepted and established a woman’s place was in the home, and her legal identity was that of her husband. Therefore, she could not sue, or be sued, nor could she make a legal contract or own property. She was not permitted to control her own wages or gain custody of her children in the event of a separation or divorce (Womans Rights). There were many influential women, even in the late 1700’s that had a vision for more. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) and Sarah Hale (1788-1879) were part of the first efforts to expand women’s roles through moral influence. Beecher, the eldest sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one of the nation’s most prominent educator’s prior to the civil war. Hale led the successful campaign to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, and also composed the well-known nursery rhyme â€Å"Mary had a Little Lamb. Frances Wright (1795-1852), a Scottish born reformer and lecturer spread her radical ideas about birth control, brought divorce laws and legal rights for married women. Then the first women to receive a degree in medicine was Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849. Phoebe Palmer (1807-1874) became a Methodist preacher known through-out the America’s and Canada (Mitz, S. , 2011). It was during the 19th century employment opportunities began to open up more for women. Women began to have fewer children and were not having them so young. The first half of the 19th century there were many improvements in women’s status, however they still lacked political and economic status when compared to men. A decade into the 21st Century, women’s progress can be seen- and celebrated, across a range of fields. Although we have not arrived yet, certain conclusions are nonetheless clear A statement made by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit, as she declared a tipping point for women, â€Å"When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations and the world,† she said. There is a simulative and ripple effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries. † Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More Food. More education opportunities for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people† (E llison, J. , 2011). World War 1 affected women’s roles with a shortage of men needed to produce the massive amounts of war materials needed. Women were needed to work outside of the home. All of a sudden women and young girls could make a decent wage doing work normally done by men. This opened up a new world to many women who had lived in the countryside who were now taking jobs in the larger cities, riding buses, trains and even boats to escape poverty, or see new t hings. The war enabled them to test tanks, airplanes, weapons and perform other duties that formally had been male functions (Goodwin, R. , 2008). The 19th Amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of women’s suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change to the constitution. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920 (www. ourdocument. gov, January 11, 2012). Progress was taking place in many different directions and avenues in the American life. Women struggling to find economic independence, and their place outside of the home proved to be a very long and challenging journey. Though there was some break-through with a few women receiving education and prestige, the doors were still not open to all. Let’s look at a timeline of a few events that had taken place that helped the movement of women’s suffrage into present date: * 1833 Oberlin College became the first co-educational college in the United States; 1841 Oberlin awards first academic degree to three women. * 1839 Mississippi passes first Married Women’s Property Act. * 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organize the Lowell Female Labor Reform Act. 1848 The first women’s rights convention in the US is held in Seneca Falls, NY. Many participants sign a ‘Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions’ outlining main issues and goals for the emerging women’s movement. * 1849 Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and over the next ten years she leads many slaves to freedom by the Underground Railroad. * 1859 The successful vaccination of rubber provides women with reliable condoms for birth control. * 1868 Fourteenth Amendment is ratified * 1911 (NAOWS) the National Association Opposed to Women’s Suffrage is organized. 1912 Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party (Bull moose/Rep) becomes the first National political party to adopt a women’s suffrage plan * 1916 Jeanette Rankin of Montana becomes the first American woman elected to represent her state in the United States House of Representatives. * 1923 The National Women’s Party first proposes the Equal Rights Amendment to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender. It has never been ratified (E. Susan. B. ,2011). In 1940 Eleanor Roosevelt wrote about the progress of women’s suffrage. In her own words will read the thoughts of that time. In the old day’s men always said that politics was too rough-and-tumble a business for women; but that idea is gradually wearing away. There is more truth in the statement that men have a different att itude toward politics than women. They play politics a little more like a game. With the men, it becomes a serious occupation for a few weeks before election; whereas women look upon it as a serious matter year in and year out. It is associated with their patriotism and their duty to their country. This country is no matriarchy, nor are we in any danger of being governed by women. I repeat here what I have so often said in answer to the question: â€Å"Can a women be President of the United States? † At present the answer is emphatically â€Å"No. † It will be a long time before a woman will have any chance of nomination or election. As things stand today, even if an emotional wave swept a woman into this office, her election would be valueless, as she could never hold her following long enough to put over her program. It is hard enough for a man to do that, with all the traditional schooling men have had; for a woman, it would be impossible because of the age-old prejudice. In government, in business, and in the professions there may be a day when women will be looked upon as persons. We are, however, far from that day as yet (Roosevelt, E. , 1940). In the business and professional world women have made great advances. In many fields there is opportunity for them to work with men on an equal footing. To be sure, sometimes prejudice on the score of sex will be unfair and a woman will have to prove her ability and do better work than a man to gain the same recognition. If you will look at the picture of Mrs. Bloomer, made a hundred years ago, and think of the women today in factories, offices, executive positions, and professions, that picture alone will symbolize for you the distance women have traveled in less than a century (Roosevelt, E. , 1940). As the end of the 19th Century was drawing nigh, the accomplishments of women was growing like never before. Perhaps technology was to help with this as more and more families were finding access. With the radio and TV industry, it was bringing opportunities to women that were new and unique. Women were cast in TV shows, and becoming household names. Radio waves were being taken over by upcoming female voices that wanted to be heard. Life was changing indeed. Was this a slow change? Yes, but it was a change that would impact the shape of America from here on. Today’s generation can only read about the suffrage of women, and I know they find it hard to believe or comprehend just how far women have traveled in America to be known. From the shadows of man (their husbands) that women once hid behind, found their identity in, and trusted to make every decision for them to the twentieth century were it is only deemed odd to not see a woman involved in just about every aspect of life. From the centers of the home and shadows of the man have emerged beautiful, intelligent, powerful women who have shaped our country and helped to make it a better place. Whether it be teachers, business professionals, athletes, war hero’s, state offices, government, lawyers, doctors, astronauts, rabbi’s, preachers, airplane pilots, musicians, artist, rodeo, it is definite true that- women have made their mark on the fingerprints of the United States and are not going anywhere. I am woman- hear me roar! Here is to all woman of the past, the present and future generations. Be confident and bold and walk in such a way that you know where you’ve come from and even better,you know where you are going. There is nothing that can stop you now, if you set your mind to it. Gone are the days of no right’s and hiding in the shadows finding identity in the husband. Embrace the value you have and press on†¦there is no way to go but forward! References Mintz, S. (2011, 12 03). Digital history. Retrieved from http://www. digitalhistory. uh. du/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=630 Godwin, R. (Janu). Helium. Retrieved from http://www. helium. com/items/785688-a-look-at-1900s-men-and-women-roles Gillett, F. H. (2008). Retrieved from NARA website: http://www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=truedoc=63 Barber, E. S. (1998). National american woman suffrage association. In Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/naw/nawstime. html Helen reddy – i am woman lyrics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. lyricstime. com/helen-reddy-i-am-woman-lyrics. html How to cite Womens Rights at the Turn of the Century, Papers

Medication Error Is a Common Occurrence in Healthcare Sector

Questions: How Did This Make You Feel? What Happened And Why Did This Incident Occur? What Steps Could Of Prevented This? What Have You Learnt From This Scenario? Answers: Introducation: Medication error is a common occurrence in healthcare sector. For a very long time, a large number of patients have been harmed or lost lives because of the preventable mistakes done by the medics. It is however not a good thing to do because all healthcare providers are professionals who have undergone adequate training and prepared to effectively discharge their duties as required. As a healthcare provider, I always aspire to deliver high quality services to all my clients. This paper presents a critical reflection of an incidence in which I was involved in a medication error. It does this by using the Gibbs Reflection Cycle which is composed of the description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action. Description The incidence that occurred was involving a Registered Nurse and me. On this day, I identified a medication error when I was monitoring a patient who had been assigned to be at the pediatric ward. After a thorough analysis, I realized that the medic had made a mistake by administering 24 units of insulin to a diabetic patient instead of 2.4 units which had been prescribed. This was a serious medication error which negatively impacted on the health of the patient. Feeling I had a feeling that this was a grievous mistake that endangered the life of the patient. It was unprecedented because it was something that was not expected of a competent medic. All the patients should be provided with safe healthcare services that can improve their health and increase their chances of recovery (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). I know that if nurses entrust the medics with their life, it should be the responsibility of the nurse to deliver quality and harm-free services. Evaluation I would like to agree that a mistake actually occurred. The fact that the patient was given 24 instead of 2.4 units implies that there was a very big overdose. The medic must have made a mistake in documentation and interpretation of the data. It also appears that there was no good collaboration between the healthcare teams (Bradley Mott, 2014). This might have happened because there was disconnect in communication and handover. The mistake made harmed the patient by making the blood sugar level to tremendously reduce to from14 mmol/l to 3.5mmol/l. This is a clear proof that the error made was actually made (Starmer, et al., 2014). Otherwise, the level of blood sugar would not have experienced such a dramatic drop. The mistake really endangered the life of the patient. Analysis I would like to point out that the administration of 24 units instead of 2.4 units of insulin to the patient was indeed an act of omission (Aronowitz Fawcett, 2016). The healthcare provider appears to have not been keen because if it were not so, he would have administered the right quantity of insulin to the patient. If the records show that the patient was supposed to be given 2.4 units, it was not justifiable to be given 24 units because it would interfere with his deteriorating health (Coleman, Redley, Wood, Bucknall Botti, 2015). Diabetes is a chronic disease that needs to be properly managed. It should be the responsibility of the healthcare providers to examine the patient, prescribe medications, monitor the usage of drugs and provide the patient with self-management skills (Starmer, et al., 2014). However, failure to comply with the dosage implies that the medic was incompetent and irresponsible. He must not have mismanaged the documentation, failed to collaborate with his colleagues, and made wrong decisions (DiCenso, Cullum Ciliska, 2011). Action Plan In my action plan, I would like suggest that such medication errors can be eliminated by taking a number of measures. First, the medics should be closely monitored and helped by the Registered Nurse supervisor to discharge their duties (Anderson, Malone, Shanahan Manning, 2015). Besides, it should be the responsibility of the healthcare providers to foster the spirit of collaboration and team work (Melnyk, Gallagher?Ford, Long Fineout?Overholt, 2014). It can make the work easier because through collaboration, a practitioner can be supported by the colleagues and seniors who can give advice and offer opportunity to refer complex cases that require expertise support (Bylund, Peterson Cameron, 2012). In addition, bedside handover should be properly done to ensure that the responsibility of caring for the patient is smoothly transferred from one practitioner to the other. Lastly, the practitioner should be keen on the use of patients records. If proper documentation is done, it can be easier to provide the patient with the required intervention (Smith Parker, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, the admission of 24 units of insulin instead of the recommended 2.4 units demonstrates that the practitioner did a medication error. I have a feeling that it was a great mistake that posed a lot of threats to the life of the patient. This is an error that could be prevented if appropriate measures were taken. Therefore, if given another opportunity to serve such a patient, the practitioner should discharge his duties with much keenness and responsibility. It can eliminate the occurrence of such preventable errors. References Anderson, J., Malone, L., Shanahan, K., Manning, J. (2015). Nursing bedside clinical handoveran integrated review of issues and tools. Journal of clinical nursing, 24(5-6), 662-671. Aronowitz, T., Fawcett, J. (2016). Thoughts About Social Issues: A Neuman Systems Model Perspective. Nursing science quarterly, 29(2), 173-176. Bradley, S., Mott, S. (2014). Adopting a patient?centred approach: an investigation into the introduction of bedside handover to three rural hospitals. Journal of clinical nursing, 23(13-14), 1927-1936. Bylund, C.L., Peterson, E.B. Cameron, K.A. (2012). A practitioner's guide to interpersonal communication theory: An overview and exploration of selected theories. Patient education and counseling, 87(3), pp.261-267. Coleman, K., Redley, B., Wood, B., Bucknall, T., Botti, M. (2015). Interprofessional interactions influence nurses' adoption of handover improvement. ACORN: The Journal of Perioperative Nursing in Australia, 28(1), 10. DiCenso, A.; Cullum, N. Ciliska, D. (2011). Implementing evidence-based nursing: some misconceptions. Evidence Based Nursing 1 (2): 3840. doi:10.1136/ebn.1.2.38. Fairman, J. A., Rowe, J. W., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D. E. (2011). Broadening the scope of nursing practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3), 193-196. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol19No02Man02 Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing, 11(1), 5-15. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12021. Epub 2014 Jan Smith, M. C., Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. New York: FADavis. Starmer, A. J., et al., (2014). Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(19), 1803-1812.

Reintegration of Women Combat Veterans

Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essays

Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essays Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Objective: Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye. Introduction: The retina contains two types of light detecting cells: rods and cones. Cones provide the eyes colour sensitivity, rods, though more sensitive than cones do not detect colour. There is an area on the retina with a much higher density of cones called the fovea. When an object is observed its image is focused on the fovea. The fovea is a 0.3mm diameter area containing on rods and very thin densely packed cones. Cones can be divided into three types; one type detects each of red, green and blue light. The green and red cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis. : To measure the separation between two cones in the eye we can use the resolving power of the eye, for two objects to be resolved optically the viewer must be able to clearly differentiate two distinct bodies. (Rayleighs criterion:? = ?/d) Critical case shown where objects are just resolved For two light sources of the same wavelength to be resolved the light must stimulate two cones on either side of one unstimulated cone. Resolving power due to a circular aperture can be calculated by: ? = 1.22? d Where: ? = resolving power of optical instrument ? = Wavelength of light d = diameter of aperture The resolving power of the eye will not be as high as this calculated theoretical resolving power as although the optical equipment of the eye may be of this power the eyes detection facilities give the brain discreet not continuous signals and so the actual resolving power of the eye will never reach this theoretical value even if the optical facilities of the eye are perfect. As a result we must calculate the separation between two cones using: ? = s Where: s = separation r r = distance Plan: Factors identified affecting the experiment: * The separation of the two light sources. I will vary this to produce a range of distances from which the objects can be resolved. * The perpendicular distance that the viewer of the light sources can be from them and still completely resolve them. This will vary as a direct result of changes to the separation of the light sources. * The size and shape of the light sources. I will control this by shining the light through measured apertures made in black acrylic. I will control the size of the apertures by using a 1mm drill bit to create the holes through which the light sources will be shone, this will also ensure the sources are of a constant shape. * The amount of light that is reflected. I will use a black background surrounding the light sources to ensure that only a minimal amount of light is reflected. * The brightness of the two light sources must be equal to each other, I will achieve this by connecting the light sources in series to the same power source. * The brightness of the light sources must be constant as it is easier to resolve brighter objects. I will control this factor by keeping the voltage of the power source constant. * The wavelength of light must be kept constant by using the same equipment (same L.E.D.s) for each repeat of the experiment. This must be controlled as different colours of light stimulate different cones on the retina and also the wavelength of light affects the calculated value for the resolving power of the eye. * The height of the eye relative to the light sources must be constant and perpendicular. This will be controlled by having the light sources at a height of 1 metre and having the viewer use a metre ruler as a guide to the height of their eyes when resolving the light sources. * The size of the eye and the strength of eyesight must be constant throughout the experiment. This will be achieved by using the same observer throughout the procedure and carrying out the procedure in a single session. * The brightness of the environment must be constant. This will be kept constant by carrying the experiment out in a single session. Also the environment will be kept as dark as possible to maximise the resolving power of the eye and so optimise the accuracy of the results. * The diameter of the pupil must be kept constant and as large as possible to allow as much light into the eye as possible. This will be kept constant as a direct result of controlling the brightness of the environment. (Variation of 1mm to 10mm possible.) Method: Set up the apparatus as shown in the previous diagram, switch on the power pack at 3.00v. Turn off the lights in the room and block out daylight coming from any windows or doors. Allow 2 minutes for the eyes to adjust to this darkness and do not allow any light into the room from this point up until the end of the procedure. The viewer of the lights must then stand on the masking tape and back away from the light sources following the masking tape using a metre ruler as a guide to the height of their eyes. The viewer must back away until they are at the point where they can just resolve the two light sources. This point must then be marked on the masking tape using the metre ruler as a guide. Repeat the experiment for this separation three times to obtain a reliable result and eliminate any anomalous results. Three is enough results to obtain a good average result as long as all the results are relatively close together. Remove the acrylic and replace with another piece of acrylic with holes of different separations and repeat the above procedure. 5 different separations must be used as six results are sufficient to plot a straight-line graph and the sixth result can be 0,0. Less results than this may not produce an accurate gradient and more results would be surplus to requirements. When the experiment is completed measure the marks recorded on the tape for distances and then calculate an average distance for each separation. Plot a line graph of separation against average distance. The graph is plotted to produce a gradient to obtain a value for the resolving power of the eye the graph will reduce any overall errors in the experiment. Separation of apertures is to be measured with a travelling microscope accurate to ?0.005mm, this measuring equipment is to be used as it is the most accurate available to me in the lab and so will reduce the errors in my results by as much as possible. The other measurement to be taken is the distance from the objects from whence they can be resolved. This is to be measured using a measuring tape accurate to ?0.5cm this is sufficiently accurate as it is a very small error compared to the overall distance and so will not detract significantly from the accuracy of my results. When the results have been taken the calculation shown overleaf will be used to calculate the separation of two cones on the fovea. Safety: Electrical equipment must be used with care and it must be ensured that no water is brought into contact with it. Care must be taken whilst carrying out a procedure in a darkened room, ensure all sharp corners and protruding objects are cleared. Calculation: Equation 1: ? = s R ? = resolving power of the eye in radians s = separation of apertures r = Distance away from light sources when resolving is just possible Equation 2: s = r? s = separation of 3 cones r = radius of the eye ? = resolving power in radians Separation between two cones = s 2 Theoretical ? = 1.22? D ? = wavelength of light D = Diameter of pupil Assumptions: * Assume pupil size is constant * Assume diameter of the eye is 26mm * Assume no aberrations of the eye * Assume room is pitch black * Assume L.E.D.s are of constant brightness * Assume apertures are spherical * Assume all eyes work the same * Assume average green wavelength * Assume only one wavelength from L.E.D. * Assume pupil size is constant * Assume light source is perpendicular * Assume light crosses at the centre of the eye * Assume cones are all of equal size and shape. We can assume this as cones are densely packed in the fovea * Assume refraction at the entrance to the eye is zero. We can assume this as distance r is relatively large compared to the separation of the light sources so we can assume that the light entering the eye is perpendicular to the lens. As a result we can assume similar triangles: Test: I carried out a preliminary experiment using this procedure and found the separation of two cones to be 3.57?10-4m. As this is a factor of 10 away from the literature value for separation I will now alter my procedure by increasing the voltage of the power pack to 6.00v to increase the brightness of the L.E.D.s and so optimise the resolving power of the eye. I will test the accuracy of my results by carrying out the experiment in a bright room, resolving two black objects of a similar size to the apertures used in my procedure. Resolving power in this situation should be less than resolving power calculated in the results. Conclusion: ? = s = gradient = 3.125?10-4 r Separation of cones = r ? ? r = 1.3?10-2 = 4.062?10-6m = separation between 3 cones ?2 = 2.03?10-6m = separation between 2 cones Errors: This value is appropriate but it must be taken into account that the following errors will affect the final value: Equipment Tape measure accurate to ? 0.01m 0.05 ? 100 = 3.13% Use of tape measure accurate to ? 0.05m 1.60 Travelling microscope accurate to ? 0.01?10-3m 0.01?10-3m ? 100 = 2.27% Use of travelling microscope: error as above. 0.44?10-3m Other errors Assumption that the eye is 1.3 ?10-2 radius is a statistical average value and so may vary considerably. Refracted angle is negligible is an assumption which will affect the accuracy of the results as using this assumption we can use similar triangles to calculate the separation of two cones. Given these errors be taken into account my value is close enough to the literature value for the separation of two cones to confirm that my procedure was valid.

Bowen Family Systems Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Bowen Family Systems Therapy - Research Paper Example Unlike normal family development, in which families learn to differentiate parts of them when interacting on an emotional level and set healthy boundaries, enmeshed families become overly involved with each other, increasing the chances of anxiety and conflict. Lack of differentiation occurs due to the inability to separate their emotions from their reactions. What they feel and how they react to those feelings are governed by the interactions between themselves and others. Bowen attributed this differentiation of self to family of origin. His philosophy was emotional attachment either created a positive or negative reaction, depending on how the family interacted with each other. An anxiety-provoking situation could cause withdrawal and distancing or, family members could deal with the conflict reasonably. The more stable families’ interactions were towards each other, the less likely individuals would carry these unresolved conflicts into another relationship. In essence, families’ interdependence relies heavily on the daily changes that occur. In families that experience a high level of conflict, there is often one family member that becomes vulnerable to the effects of the conflict. This results in anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug abuse and other clinical problems. These problems manifested themselves in other relationships, often creating the same tension and conflict. Murray Bowen developed eight interlocking concepts involving systems theory and that emotions were in part, the key that affects families as a unit. Not only did he base his studies on the family, but applied the systems theory perspective to both work and social systems The key to the Bowen therapy basically lies within the emotions and the activities governed by these emotions that may have taken many years to develop. Bowen has emphasized the significance of having a deep insight into the contribution made by different generations in the

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - Essay Example empts by researchers have also discovered his classy practices of literary work of genius and the extraordinary kinships which are there between Dantes Inferno and Invisible Man, and the two literary creations resonate with each other meaningfully. In the Prologue to Invisible Man, Ellisons protagonist comments that in jazz music he not only entered the music but descended, like Dante, into its depths. The contents of the book can be perceived as the creation of an intricate interaction of values, a journey mentioned by Dante into a nether biosphere and also a jazz concert. Inferno acts for the author as a legendary archetype for Invisible Man relating to its configuration and vision. Ellison may not be a religious man in the strict sense of the term, but he deeply cherishes the positive values of human life. Though he is not a fundamentally religious author, he is intensely impacted by Dante. The general arrangement of Ellisons novel is to detail a number of occurrences which are co mplexly circular in their perspectives. The chapters of human history contain abundant violent incidents related to whites and blacks. When the people of a particular race are discriminated from all ends, they develop acrimonious tendencies. Suitable avenues need to be generated for their ‘reformation’ and ‘rehabilitation’ and for their proper assimilation into the society. This is a tough assignment. The latent grudge of the blacks against the white race for the cruelties inflicted on them, which continued for centuries, has created psychological barriers that are difficult to break. Ralph Ellison in The Invisible Man explains the knotty race relations and its dynamics in the day to day living of the blacks vs. whites. The immediate issue with the protagonist is that he has to give a speech and the audience is the leading white citizens of the town. The â€Å"the battle royal† is an example given by the narrator to explain how such acts are meant to hurt the dignity of

Modern Behaviour Patterns: Middle Stone Age Record of Africa

Modern Behaviour Patterns: Middle Stone Age Record of Africa Is there evidence for the establishment of modern behaviour patterns in the Middle Stone Age record of Africa? Behavioural modernity refers to developed behavioural traits we associated with ‘modern’ humans (Jacobs Richard, 2009). These behavioural traits are what distinguish modern humans their recent ancestors from other extinct hominids as well as both current past primates. What we now classify as modern human behaviours are cultural universals shared by all individuals, these behaviours include traits like language, religion decoration, or what’s known as the behavioural B’s: blades, beads, burials, bone-tool making beauty (Calvin, 2004). This essay discusses the evidence for the establishment of modern behaviour patterns in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) record of Africa. What is the Middle Stone Age record? The MSA was a period of African prehistory generally considered to have spanned between 280,000 years ago 50–25,000 years ago. The term MSA is used synonymously with the term Middle Palaeolithic, used in the remainder of the Old World where comparable artefacts traditions are found is now closely associated with the appearance of behavioural modern humans. (Clark, 1998) Innovations A range of innovations characterise the MSA, this following section talks about some of these, why how they came about. Technology There is marked variation in Middle Stone Age assemblages, which could have been caused by a number of factors including environmental conditions, resource type availability, choice of different reduction techniques strategies of tool manufacture. Technological patterns in these asemblages reflect early stages of modern human behaviour, with little standardisation within them. The beginning of the Middle Stone Age is identified by changes in the lithic components of the industries, namely, by the disappearance of bifaces (handaxes and cleavers) of the Acheulean type and the appearance of of composite tools which incorporated points signalling the beginning of the reorganisation of technology(Zenobia Roberts, 2009). Tool kits of this time included prepared core technology aka the Levallois method of flake production in which a core was carefully prepared on one side so that a flake of a certain, predetermined shape and size could be produced with a single blow (______). Composite tool kits also became common in this time period. These composite tools allowed tools to be hafted to other items, most commonly wood to create spears, and included triangular flakes, denticulates (tools retouched to form a serated edge), awls used to perferte hides and retouched points and scrapers. Occasional grinding stones and bone points have also been found during this time period The most potent evidence for behaviourally modern stone tools come from the sites of Still Bay (SB) Howiesons Poort dated between 72-71 ka 65-60 ka respectively (Zenobia Roberts, 2009). Among the Still Bay toolkit are bifacial flaked points that probably formed parts of spearheads, whereas the Howiesons Poort toolkits include blade-like tools that were blunted on one side hafted as part of composite weapons. These Middle Stone Age assemblages contain significant evidence of modern human behaviour which is reflected in raw material procurement, exchange patterns, adaptive behaviour, mastery of craftsmanship (Onjala, 2006). Hunting gathering The emergence of modern hunting capabilities is one of the behavioural traits which classify modern human behaviour, there is a great deal of debate as to the effectiveness of the hunting strategies of MSA humans thus weather the individuals of this time period were in fact ‘behaviourally modern’. One argument presented is that MSA individuals were less effective hunters than their LSA successors (Faith, 2008), Klein in his paper The problem of modern human origins argued that this was a result of a major neural change that took place between 50-40 ka, creating humans with a fully modern intellect. Klein believes there were several behavioural technological consequences of this change such as the development of more effective hunting capabilities, the ultimate dispersal of modern humans into Eurasia (Klein, 1994). Most researchers however, maintain that MSA individuals were fully adept hunters thus the emergence of modern hunting skills is one of the modern behavioural traits that appeared during the MSA (Faith, 2008) Many sites from across Africa show accumulation of fish remains from fresh water, brackish marine environments, these sites include Klasies River, Herolds bay Hoedjies Punt open sites among many others. The fish found at these sites are often to large to have been introduced by costal birds therefore point to the development of fishing techniques. At blombos cave, South Africa, these include deep water varaieties pointing to a large increase in technology. Some sites also contain marine mammals such as Die Kelders where remains of Cape fur seals have been found. Inland sites contain remains of many mammals, usually medium sized herbavores such as zebra, eland antelopes, all of which were common during the time period. Unlike the LSA, hunting of larger dangerous animals appears rare, which Richard Klein suggests indicates the individuals of this time period had not developed the technologies to deal with this kind of behaviour. Mortality profiles for animals from the MSA suggest the key target range for hunting during this time period was the young or the old animals which were weak or vulnerable. While hunting is one possible accruement of meat resources it is likely that a large range of meat gathering strategies were used during this time period including scavenging, long distance hunting ambush hunting (Scarre, 2013) Site modification, Art, Ornamentation Symbols A major signifier of modern behaviour is the organized use of space. While this is not common during the MSA there are a few examples of site modification, most commonly arc-shaped â€Å"walls† of stone, possibly created as wind breaks. (Scarre, 2013) Evidence for art, ornamentation symbolism however have been found at several sites across Africa. Many items from sites across Africa have been found to have been intentionally marked with abstract geometric symbols both carved painted (Wurz, 2014). These items most notably include engraved ochre, bone ostrich shell; Engravings paintings beads. Of the engraved items, possibly the most notable from this time period is a ~ 77,000- year-old piece of dark-red ochre with a cross-hatched pattern bounded by parallel lines engraved on one side recovered from Still Bay (Wurz, 2014) while other engraved items include bone from Blombos Cave at Klasies River a bone engraved with four parallel lines has been found (Wilkins, 2010). Egg shell is another item which has frequently been engraved upon, examples include from the site of Diepkloof in the Western Cape, where 270 fragments of intentionally marked ostrich eggshell believed to have been used as containers have been recovered dating to 60kya including geometric motifs such as straight parallel lines, cross-hatching, a hatched band (Wurz, 2014). Other sites including engraved egg shells in their assemblages include Howieson’s Poort Apollo 11 (Wilkins, 2010) Beads as personal ornamentation are the last aspect of art, ornamentation symbolism that will be discussed in this essay. Beads made from shell occur from around 100,000 years ago in some sites in Africa (Wurz, 2014) the most notable of which being the collection from Still Bay at Blombos Cave where over 40 beads made of Nassarius kraussianus shells. Keyhole perforations had been created in each shell, most likely with a bone tool, were then strung worn as personal ornament. Some beds also contain ochre residue, although wether this is from deliberate colouring or from transfer when worn is unknown (Henshilwood Dubreuil). Conclusion The innovative technologies and social practices mentioned above are only one part of a behavioral montage that spread through Africa during the MSA. Rapid advances in human cognition were manifested in material-culture practices not previously observed in the Africa or anywhere else in the world supplying evidence for Africa as the place of establishment of modern behaviour. Evidence Based Care: Hand Hygiene Evidence Based Care: Hand Hygiene Utilising Evidence Based Care This essay endeavours to investigate hand hygiene, and feel I need to gain more knowledge in this field by utilising the available evidence effectively. I also intend to discuss nurse held traditions, customs and rituals. The common method of handwasing is usually with unmedicated soaps, whist an anti-bacterial soap may be used for total hand decontamination. (Hugonnet Pittet 2000). As nursing staff can wash their hands up to forty times per hour, it may be one of the most frequently practiced nursing skills (National Patient Safety Agency, 2004). According to Pittet (2000) healthcare professionals barely reach fifty per cent compliance with handwashing. Holland, Jenkins, Soloman et al (2003) point out that hands are the primary factor is spreading bacteria, especially as they come into contact with body fluids, furniture, dressings and equiptment. During a placement on a surgical ward I witnessed poor hand hygiene and felt I needed to deepen my knowledge of effective and appropriate hand washing to be a competent, safe practitioner. Health care-associated infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Hand hygiene is regarded as an effective preventive measure against transmission of hospital acquired infection between patient to patient (Gould et al (2007). As a health care professional I am aware I must work within the guidelines of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) and the government body, the Department of Health (DoH). Within this essay I intend to utilise two sources of research, critique them, and use the findings accordingly. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct (2008) states that ‘care and advice to patients must be based on the best available evidence (NMC 2008 p4). Fitzpatrick (2007) states ‘healthcare professionals must demonstrate effective integration of evidence, including findings of research into their decision making. ‘Evidence based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research ‘Sackett et al (1996). Within evidence available for utilisation is an evidence hierarchy. At the top of the hierarchy are well designed randomised controlled trials. The UK Cochrane Centre specialises in random controlled controlled trials (RCTs). The Cochrane centre operates globally to maintain and publish up to date reviews of randomised controlled tests for health care. (Sheldon and Chalmers 1994). Hamer (1999a) also states that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are frequently called the gold standard of research evidence. The Cochrane Centre work out the validity of research by grading them. Grading starts at A-C, A being the highest score, and showing it has met all the quality requirements (Mulrow Oxman, (1997). Hierarchies are also used in clinical guidelines, graded by both standard of evidence and recommendations. The highest standard of evidence grade, matched by the highest recommendation grade, suggests superior validity and ought to be considered to be implemented in practice (Cook et al, 1992) Research evidence appropriateness can be based on how the data was collected. Examples of different research designs are RCTS, case-controlled studies, cohort studies, professional, or qualitive. The two research paper I am examining use a mix of methods. Lockett (1997) claims evidence-based practice is a combination of scientific and professional practices. The ‘evidence -based aspect refers to scientific rationale and the ‘practice part refers to behaviour of the healthcare professional (Lockett 1997). The importance of evidence -based practice is highlighted by Hamer (1999b), stating the primary aim is to aid professionals in effective decision making to reduce ineffective, inappropriate possible hazardous practices. This would suggest, as with guidelines set out by the NMC that the use of evidence-based practice has much rationale. The American Nurses Association (2003) points out that in order to enable nurses to tally with the expectations of society, a strong evidence base for practice is essential. Furthermore, for nursing to be recognised a genuine profession, it is essential to have all of its practices based on evidence (Royal College of Nursing 1982). Once a topic had been chosen to explore I conducted a search via databases. I found initially to use solely the term handwashing, which yielded a surplus of data. I set the date parameters on the search to the last 5 years to maximise the validity of the research, which not only provided more suitable data, but narrowed the search to yield less results. This facilitated the search for relevant research. I added other words to the search, such as compliance and the word and/or. Also truncation was used, this maximised the search further. Especially as there are many variations of the work handwashing. Furthermore, handwashing was not the only term used to describe handwashing, hand hygiene was also used. This too, yielded successful results. The term nurse was also added, this too was truncated to nurs*, which allowed terms such as nursing, nurses, nursed to be detected, thus increasing the probability of locating the desired results. I set the parameters to detect full text and on the English language. As I am not accustomed to using databases I sought the advice of the librarian, EBSCO, CINAHL and BNI were recommended resources. Also the Cochrane library has been praised as the gold standard in randomised controlled studies. As randomised controlled studies are at the top of the hierarchy of evidence I decided to seek a randomised controlled study. I found located the primary piece of evidence from the Cochrane library. On this occasion I did not use main stream search engines, although I would consider using a search engine in the future to find research. Fitzpatrick (2007) claims internet searches engines can yield credible results. My second piece of research was discovered on Ovid. Once selected, Ovid requires users to select databases within that database. I excluded paediatrics as this was not relevant to the search. |Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care conducted by Gould (2007) is the selected primary source. The quality of the abstract was clear, with sub heading, and reflected the aim of the paper and its content. The objectives were to assess the long term success and improve hand hygiene compliance and to determine whether a sustained increase in hand hygiene can lower hospital infections. This was relevant to my search as this is an area I wanted to increase my knowledge on, and utilise in practice, if the research is deemed valid and credible. The types of studies used were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series analyses (ITSs) meeting the requirements of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (EPOC).The research is a systematic review. According to Mulrow (1995) systematic reviews do the ‘hard work of critiquing the research so time limited health care workers can access valid data. Systematic reviews are the gold standard of research (NHS Centre for reviews and Dissemination, p.1 1996): ‘Systematic reviews locate, appraise and synthesis evidence from scientific studies in order to provide informatative, empirical answers to scientific research questions. Muir Gray (1997) and Sackett et al (1997) claim randomised controlled trials are thought to be the most dependable and trustworthy source of evidence. I interpret the above as indicting the research may be of a high standard to meet the criteria of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (EPOC). Although the research paper is not yet fully critiqued, this is a positive validity indicator. The participants were target groups, of doctors and nurse. Theatre staffs were excluded due to different hand hygiene techniques being used. To exclude theatre staff was relevant as hand hygiene is part of the ‘scrubbing in ritual, and if included may have caused inaccurate results. Data collection and analysis was conducted by two reviews, and they accessed the data quality. All of the data they had gathered was via databases searches, and two studies out of over seventy five met the criteria review. The author concluded no implications for practice, as the review had not been able to provide enough evidence. The implications for research were more studies are urgently needed to evaluate improvements to hand hygiene. The biasness of the paper is not easy to find out as I could not discover the professions of the researchers. It could be suggested that if they were nurses, this could create a potential for bias. When searching for this primary piece of research I did not need to be concerned about UK and American spellings are the words used did not have UK American versions. However in future I would chose to look for both to show abundant data. The keywords used for finding this particular piece were, hand*, hygiene, wash*, comlianc*, concordanc* and nurs*. Quantitive research sample sizes normally exceed one hundred participants. Interviews or questionnaire have set questions. Data is usually recording statistically (Siviter 2005). The data within this research was presented in tabular form. The CASP (2006) quantitive tool was utilised in the critiquing of this research. Had the research paper been qualitive, I would have used the CASP quantitive tool. This is a valuable and effective tool in analysing the research for strengths and weaknesses (Hek Moule 2006). Although on this occasion I used CASP to critique the paper I would in future consider using other critiquing frameworks, such as Bray and Rees (1995) and Benton and Cormack (2000) or Popay et al (1998). As to if the research was ethical or not is indistinguishable as no consent issues arose as all evidence was found via databases. Although, consensual issues are not the only ethical issues to be considered. Beauchamp Childress (1994) claim healthcare ethics is when moral issues and questions are raised within the healthcare realm. Respect to an individual values and beliefs are a part of being ethical. However in terms of the primary research paper there are no visible signs of a breach of ethics. The results show that both the randomised controlled trials were poorly controlled. One trail shows an increase in hand washing compliance four months after interventions. The second trail has shown no post intervention increase in hand hygiene. The author found both samples were of low quality and was conducted over a too small time frame. The author concludes there is not any strong evidence to make an informed choice to better hand washing. According to the author, one off teaching sessions will not expected to make any lasting changes to compliance. Further robust research is recommended by the author. Therefore, currently from this research there is inadequate data that could be utilised in evidence-based practice. ‘Hand hygiene practices: student perceptions is the second piece of research chosen. This is a qualitive piece of research. The aim of the research was clear from the abstract and the title. Student nurses were interviewed to gain depth of data. Student nurses were also guaranteed anomity, which may have assisted the researcher gain rich data. Had the researcher chose a quantitive methodology, it would have been complex to achieve students perspectives. The NMC (2008) praises qualitive research methods as they respect patients individuality and feelings in the way nursing staff are presumed to, and is suitable for nursing research. According to Parahoo (2006), qualitive research may be considered to be of less value than quantitive research. Another positive aspect of qualitive research is the broad picture it provides, history, context, and the causes ( Blaxter, Hughes Tight, 2006). Siviter (2005) defines the average qualitive research sample size as fairly small, with an average of fifteen to twenty. Data is usually gathered through semi-structured interviews and open ended questions. The researchers who conducted the research are both nurses and have a professional interest in the paper, and it is noted that the possibility of bias could occur. This was recognised by the nurse researchers. Evan (2003) Hierarchy of evidence concludes case studies lack validity in comparison to random controlled trials and systemic reviews. A barrier to utilising research to support evidence-based practice may be lack of knowledge and skill. Hundley et al (2000) noted that although attempts are being made to incorporate research education into current nurse curriculum, poor analysis skills are still a barrier to reading research. Hundley et al (2000) also states time is a primary barrier to utilising evidence-based practice. Retsas (2000) offers advice in conquering the time barrier, advising organisations need to increase time to study in order for evidence-based practice to be achieved. Issues with autonomy, or lack of, have been suggested as potential barriers in the implementation of nursing research. Doctors were named as a potentially obstructive (Lacey 1994). Shaw et al (2005) suggest that to know and understand possible barrier and enablers to utilising evidence is critical in the identification of evidence-practice gaps. Grol and Wensing (2004) discuss the many different enablers and barriers that might be foun d when change is attempted to be implemented. These range from awareness, knowledge, motivation to change and behavioural routines (Grol and Wensing 2004). Traditional rituals within nursing are a barrier to implementing evidence -based practice. Walsh and Ford (1990) define rituals as: ‘Ritual action implies carrying out a task without thinking it through in a problem-solving way. The nurse does something because this is the way it has always been done. The nurse does not have to think about the problem and work out an individual solution, the action is a ritual. Billy and Wright (1997) defend rituals, claiming some are healing, and have some positive outcomes. Parahoo (2006b) argues that rituals are when practice rationale is forgotten. Thompson (1998) discusses the research-practice gap, claiming there is a gap between knowledge and practice. This would indicate there is a gap between producers and users of research (Caplan 1982).Larsen et al (2002) argues that the research-practice gap does not exist in nursing as it is not an evidence-based profession. One way of passing on the message of evidence-based practice is through clinical guidelines. Woolf et al (1999) clinical guidelines improve quality of decisions made by healthcare professionals, although a downfall may be recommendations are wrongly interpreted. A First Class Service (Department of Health, 1998) summarizes the government ideas for improving evidence base, and how to implement the findings. This indicates the governments recognition of the benefits to quality of care, and its links to evidence-based practice. Since then the government has included evidence-based practice in its strategies, such as NHS Research and Development in 1992 and Making a Difference in 1999. Evidence-based healthcare was at the core of these strategies (Department of Health, 1992). In the North Bristol Trust the ‘Clean your Hands campaign is in use. This was implemented by The National Patient Safety Agency; Alcohol gels were put all around the trust, in an attempt to make hand hygiene facilities more accessible. Nursing staff also wore ‘its ok to ask badges; encouraging patients to remind busy staff to wash their hands (Infection Control Policy and Manual North Bristol Trust, 2006). In conclusion I have learnt there is a colossal sum of research to be potentially be utilised in practice. From accessing valid data, to having the time to critique research once in practice, to trying to implement change when in practice, I have realised there are many obstacles to achieving evidence-based practice. Research should always be analysed to establish whether or not the data it produces is valid and if it ought to be implemented in practice or not. From the two research papers I have analysed I found that neither were valid enough to consider implementing in practice. I have also learnt that change within health care is not as easy to implement as I have previously thought, many parts of the interprofessional team must be involved. Managers are key to helping change take place. I do still believe that effective handwashing is definitely one of the most effective measures in the role of infection control. A valid, robust research paper on this essential nursing skill would aid effective hand hygiene, as currently many research paper out there do not make the grade for them to be implemented in practice. From this I have learned a valuable lesson that just because research is there, does not necessarily make it credible and valuable. Reference American Nurses Association (2003) Education for participation in nursing research. http://nursingworld.org/readroom/position/research/rseducat.htm (accessed sept 2009) Barrett, R., Randle, J. (2008). Hand hygiene practices; student nurse perceptions. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 1851-1857 Beauchamp, T.L. Childress ,J.F. (1994)Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th edn. New York; Oxford University Pres Billy, Wright C.M (1997). The History of nursing research in Austrialia. Reflections, 21, 1;17-18. Benton, D.C., Cormack, F.S. (2000) Reviewing and evaluating the literature. In: Cormack, D. (Ed) The Research Process in Nursing. Oxford: Blackwell Science Blaxter,L ,. Hughes, C,. Tight, M. (2006). How to research (3rd). Buckingham: Open university press. Bray, J., Rees, C. (1995) Reading research articles. Practice Nursing; 6: 11, 11-13. Caplan N (1982) Social research and public policy at the national level. In; D B P Kallan, G B Kosse, H C Wagennar, J J Department of Health (1998). A First Class Service, Quality in the NHS, London. Department of Health. Cook D.J, Mulrow C.D. Haynes B. (1998) Synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. In; Systematic Reviews; Thesis of Best Evidence for Health Care Decisions (eds Mulrow C.D Cook D) Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP 2006) http://www.phru.nhs.uk/Doclinks/Qualitive%20Tool.pdf (Accessed online October 2009) Department of Health (1992) Research Development Stratagy London: Department of Health. Department Of Health (1999) Making a Differnce- Strengthening the Nursing, Midwifrey and Health Visiting Contribution to Health and Healthcare. London: Department of Health. J Kloprogge and M Vorbeck (eds), Social Science Research and Public Policy- Making:A Reappraisal (Netherlands; NFER). Evans, D. (2003). Hierachy of evidence: a frame work for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Fitzpatrick, J (2007) Finding research for evidence-based practice. The development of EBP. Nursing times.net vol 103. P32-33. (accessed online October 2009) Gould D, Chudleigh JH, Moralejo D, Drey N. Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005186. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005186.pub2. Hamer. S (1999a).Achieving evidence-based practice. A hannbook for practitioners. Bailliere Tindall. RCN. p19 Hamer. S (1999b).Achieving evidence-based practice. A hannbook for practitioners. Bailliere Tindall. RCN. p6-7 Hek, G., Moule, P. (2006). Making sense of research- An introduction for health and social care practitioners (3rd ed.) London: Sage Publications Limited. Holland K., Jenkins J., Soloman J., Whittam S. (2003) Applying the Roper, Logan, Tierney Model in Practice, London, Churchill |Livingston. Hugonnet S., Pittet D. (2000) Hand hygiene-beliefs or science? Clinical Microbiology Infection, Vol. 6, Issue , p348. Hundley V, Milne J, Leighton-Beck L, Graham W and Fitzmaurice A (2000) Raising research awareness among midwives and nurses: Does it work? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31, 1:78-88 National Patient Safety Agency (2004) Patient Safety Alert: Clean hands help save lives. National health Service; London. Accessed on October 2009 http.//www.npsa.nhs.uk/site/media/documnents/644 cyh Mulrow C.D Oxman A.D (1997) CocharaneCollaboataion Handbook (database on disk and CDROM). The Cochrane library, |The Cochrane Collaboartion, Oxford, Update Software. Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct NMC www.nmc.co.uk (accessed online October 2009) Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct NMC. (2008). Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes. London; NMC. Muir Gray J.A (1997) Evidence-based Healthcare. Churchill, Livingston, New York. Parahoo, K. (2006). Nursing research- principles, Process and issues (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press. Parahoo, K. (2006b). Nursing research- principles, Process and issues (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press p 5. Pittet, D. (2000) Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital acquired infections. Journal of Hospital Infection. Vol. 48 p40-46 Popay J, Williams G (1998) Qualitive research and evidence based health care. Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine 91 35 32-37. Royal College of Nursing (1982) Research-Mindedness and Nurse Education (London: Royal College of Nursing) Restas, A. (2000) Barriers to using research evidence in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced nursing. 31, 3;599-606 Sackett D.L., Richardson W.S Rosenberg W. Haynes R.B (1997) Evidence Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. Churchill |Livingston, New York. Shaw B, Cheater F, Baker R, Gillies C, Hearnshaw H. Flottoprp S, et al. Tailored interventions to overcome identified barriers to change: effects pn professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Databaese Syst Rev. 2005 (3); CDOD5470. Siviter. B, (2005) The student nurse handbook, Elsevier, China. Sheldon, T. Chalmers, I. (1994). The UK Cochrane Centre and the NHS Centre for reviews and dissemination: respective roles within the Infromation Systems Stratagey of the NHS RD Programme, coordination, principles and underlying collaboration. Health economics, 3 201-203. Thompson M A (1998) Closing the gap between nursing research and practice. Evidence-based Nursing, 1, 1;17-18. Walsh M and Ford P (1990) Nursing Rituals, Research and Rational Actions, 2nd edn (Oxford; Heinemann Nursing). Counterculture Analysis: Irish Mob Counterculture Analysis: Irish Mob Gary Smith A counter culture is a group of people that reject the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns (Thomas). The Irish mob for example is considered one of the biggest counter cultures there ever was because of their organized crime. The Irish mob is also the oldest organized crime group and biggest. The Irish mob had gangs in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and even Chicago (City Data). The Irish Mob consisted of many different individual gangs that had some really big names in them. The winter hill gang was a gang founded by James buddy Mclean and consisted of mostly Irish and Italian Americans. Some of the biggest names of the Irish mob where in this gang at the times such as Buddy McLean, Whitey Bulger, Howie Winter, Johnny Martorano, Joe McDonald, and Stephen Flemmi. The winter hill gang got their name from a journalist and because they lived in the winter hill neighborhood in Somerville Massachusetts. James buddy Mclean was a truck driver and the founder/leader of the winter hill gang (PRWEB). Mclean had a reputation for being a great street fighter which initially earned him his respect as being the gang founder and leader. Mclean and his gang (The winter hill gang) would soon begin to dominate Boston when it came to running numbers, loansharking, and even hijacking (PRWEB). Mclean was murdered in 1965 as he was shot in the head by Stevie Hughes which put Howie Winter in command of the winter hill gang however that didnt last too long because soon after Howie Winter was sent to prison for 5 years putting Whitey Bulger in charge of the Winter Hill Gang (George). Whitey Bulger took over the winter hill gang after the death of the former well respected boss James Buddy Mclean who was shot and killed in 1965. As well as being the winter hill gangs leader he was also a FBI informant. In 1956 Whitey was sentenced to 25 years in prison for numerous bank robberies (Guest). Although he was sentenced to 25 years in prison he only served 9 years and soon after returned to his regular life in Boston where he would join the Winter Hill Gang. In 1979 Whitey took over the winter hill gang and began to control Bostons drug dealing, bookmarking, and loansharking. As an FBI informant Whitey began feeding the police information on other gangs such as the Patriarcas which was a New England organized crime family. The police brought the Patriarcas down with the help of Whitey which made the Winter Hill Gang even more powerful that another family was gone. Whitey got into trouble with police and decided to go on the run which lasted until June of 2011 when he wa s arrested after 16 years. Whitey was sentenced to two life sentences plus five years in prison in November of 2013 (globe). The Irish gang war was a war between the winter hill gang the McLaughlin gang. The dispute occurred after one of the member of the McLaughlin gang tried to pick up one of the Winter Hills gangs girlfriends and ultimately got beat up so badly for it they dropped him off at the hospital (Evan). When Bernie McLaughlin went to talk to the Winter Hills Gangs leader who was James buddy Mclean at the time to figure out what had happened and who was involved he became very frustrated when Mclean wouldnt tell him exactly and he quickly made enemies with the wrong people which led to his in Charles town city square where he was killed by the winter hills gang leader himself James Buddy Mclean (ignatiev). The Irish Mob was considered a counter culture because of the way of members chose to live their life. The Irish Mob was one of the biggest structures when it came to organized crime which put them outside of the norm. Constantly breaking the laws society saw them as an outcast and even feared them. Members of the Irish mob believed that they had to take apart in the organized crime so that they could take care of themselves and their families. Most members of the Irish Mob are brought in by family or friends. They know what they are doing is wrong but do it any way as a way of life even if it means killing somebody. Ethnocentrism is when one views its own culture and or group as superior to others (Thomas R13). Ethnocentrism existed in all organized crime and especially in the Irish Mob. Because every gang thought they were better than other conflicts constantly occurred between them which is whys gangs are always fighting each other. The Irish Mob has their own ways of handling things which is cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards (Thomas R11). The Irish Mob behave and act the way they do because they believe that it is the only way to live. Individual members of the mob make it their job and there only way to receive income. Because this is the only way to take care of themselves and their loved ones they think that it is ok to commit these crimes.   Every Mob and or gang has their own way of handling situations and conflicts such as when somebody in their group decides to rat them out to the police some gangs might kill him on the spot while others torture him. In my opinion the Irish Mobs way of life is not acceptable and should not be tolerated in the American society. The Irish Mob are held accountable for numerous deaths that took place killing other gang members and even innocent citizens whether it be on purpose or accident its not acceptable. The Irish mob also have been known for selling illegal drugs such as cocaine. The Irish Mob are known for being the oldest organized crime group and also one of the biggest and had some of the biggest Mobsters such as Whitey Bulger who is considered to be one of the biggest and feared mobsters who ever lived. References   City Data. 13 july 2013. 11 march 2017. Evan, Andrews. History. 14 june 2014. 11 march 2017. George, Hasset. Gangs of Boston. strategic media books, 2013. globe, Boston. boston. 2017. 11 march 2017. Guest, Emily. Irish Central. 4 Augest 2010. 11 march 2017. ignatiev, Noel. The divide between blacks and irish. 17 march 2010. 11 march 2017. PRWEB. PRWEB. 10 september 2015. 11 march 2017. Thomas, W. sociology the study of human relation ships. Austin: Holt,winston, 2003. 39. textbook.